Schizoid Personality Disorder
Psychology 101
Mr. Heinrich
Bryant and Stratton College
Richard Pryor
March 29, 2011
At no time in recorded human history has so much information, communication, and cooperation been available to so many people ever. Does all that matter? I think back to my formative years and some of my childhood cartoon favorites, Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. http://youtu.be/agLwIxiEk_c As you just saw if you followed the link there, too Daffy Duck had access, but not permission, to a vast fortune. Even with access to all of that perceived wealth what good was it if there were no banks or stores to exchange the riches with in the immediate area. Access to information is only of value if you can transform it into an exchangeable commodity. Some people are so good at deriving value from information online using legal and illegal means that psychological motivations are driving them to commit crimes. What some of my research is suggesting is that people with eccentric personality disorders and specifically Schizoid personality disorder are most likely to commit computer crimes. I am striving to make a psychosocial profile of these criminals using recent data and studies. My initial aim for this project was to detail the mind of a computer hacker. This, has been easier said than done. Hackers do not attend annual conferences in Las Vegas and tend to prefer the shadows for cover. Therefore, I will present study about flow-based motivation, some Schizoid personality disorder traits, the current beliefs as to causation, and offer my opinions on how this could be a hacker in the making from a psychological perspective. My initial attempts to locate relevant studies in the EbscoHost© Database were mostly fruitless. I was not surprised to find numerous studies about poverty, educational studies, women's issues, racial exploits, and the like, which are all good topics. However, I could not find many computer crimes studies. It is common knowledge that a larger percentage of our national economy is now directly linked to online resources than ever before. Since that is the case more studies should be conducted that will help provide insights to these threat-agents. I was able to find a study, which gave some idea as to what is motivating hackers aside from financial rewards.
I share the author's concern than many more hacker research projects need to be completed. In this study titled Flow-Based Model of Computer Hackers' Motivation I will quote the first part of the introduction. "Computer Hackers, taken as a target group seem problematic to be investigated, mainly due to organizational and procedural difficulties. Hackers tend to stay anonymous; even when pooled in teams they would not let others enter into their underground communities."(Voiskounsky 2003) Here is one more quote "Education needs to be based on psychological data; police actions and firewalls should not substitute Psychological research."(2003)
The term Flow-based in this study refers to a term coined by Mihalyi Csikzentmihalyi in the book Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games. The author describes an "action freely follows the pervious action, and the process is in a way unconscious; flow is accompanied by positive emotions and is self rewarding." This same psychologist is mentioned in the book Human Relations Strategies for Success 4th Edition, which was the textbook for the human relations class at Bryant and Stratton College. The original hypothesis was that there was continuous flow felt by the hacker as long as their skill level increased. This turns out not to be the case after conducting the research. There was a zigzagging effect on the study participants. The initial feelings of flow eroded as their competence in the exploit undertaken increased. This, leads to a "flow-crisis", which required both sides of the equation to increase in order to feel the mental high or flow. Since the motivation for flow comes from internal rewarding and not external like a paycheck, it becomes more difficult to move up the hacking ladder. Fortunately, this drives many hackers to reform their ways and seek steady income serving as security experts. The study was carried out in Russia where the public has a higher regard for hackers according to the author.
The study mentioned above was tangentially related to Schizoid at best. The lack of psychological data makes drawing a nexus between Schizoid as a proximal cause and hacking difficult to prove. The illusive nature of computer hackers in general makes formal research a tricky proposition. You may wonder why I just do not pick another topic. I will use a quote from Sun Tzu who lived in 5000B.C. "Therefore I say: One who knows the enemy and knows himself will not be in danger in a hundred battles."(Sun-Tzu) As a future security expert, I will need to know all I can about my enemy. Therefore, I will illustrate the diagnosis criteria for Schizoid and demonstrate some anecdotal relationships with Schizoid Personality Disorder and a high likelihood of attracting hackers.
Christina Olvera, writing for Helium.com submitted an article titled Signs of Schizoid Personality Disorder gives some likely causes for concern. The first sign is if a person wants to be home alone all the time. She says that Schizoid is part of a group of disorders called eccentric personality disorders. Although there are a few common factors with Schizophrenia the Schizoid person will be much higher functioning. Some symptoms include seeming distant and detached, avoiding social activities, avoiding close relationships including family, no interest in sex with others, seeming dull and humorless, taking a roll of follower and not leader in a group, and underperforming in school or work. They might seem indifferent or show no emotion. The patient will be suffering great emotional pain but will not express it outwardly. "Professions and activities that might be preferred by someone suffering from Schizoid Personality Disorder are Theroretical Physicists, Mathematicians and computer hackers, crackers and programmers."(Olvera) She goes on to say that these jobs require a lot of time alone with nobody to answer to. She concludes by saying that the prognosis is not good. Most will go undiagnosed and if faced with too much stress they could have a psychotic episode. That could lead to a depressive illness. I can imagine that the lack of specific outward signs leads to no diagnosis. I would also think that since there is no immediate threat to others that would leave sufferers to live in misery.
All hope is not lost if a diagnosis is made and treatment is successful. Ray Little wrote one of the best articles I have found that answers the question why. The article is divided into two parts. First, the author attempts to consolidate ideas from the giants in the field of psychology. From Freud and working forward through time until the present. Supposition of what processes are taking place in the mind are theorized. Secondly, the article goes into a step by step process of how a therapeutic cure might be achieved. In the interest of time, I will cover the highlights but strongly recommend a full review of the article. I found it quite moving.
The general conclusion is that as an infant the child would have been grossly neglected. This neglect would force the child to retreat into a deep hiding place in their head. The primary driver of this research was done by Ronald Fairbairn between 1940 and 1952.(Little) He pioneered the idea of object-relation units. For example, you have the parent-object in this case the victimizer or even a sadistic-object. The next conclusion is that patients will employ some common defense processes for example a splitting process "process by which a mental structure loses its integrity and becomes replaced by two or more part-structures." In addition, there is the process of repression or the process of rendering something unconscious. Regression, a further defensive process, is characterized by a flight inwards and backwards, even to the point of suicide.
A case study in the article spoke of a patient named Sebastian. One of the things that stuck out was that sometimes the patient appeared to not recall the prior therapy session. I can only imagine the frustration of the therapist. I will quote "During sessions, Sebastian often withdraws and seems to be watching me. It is as if he is on the inside of his head looking out of his eyes watching my every move."
The process of withdrawal is not a pleasant one according to the author. Most of the cited works in the article spoke of humans as relationship and attachment seeking from birth. Another said we are hardwired at birth for social interaction. Another quote, "experiments in which the mothers of infants were asked to be silent and still faced for just three minutes. The infants tried to influence the mother within 15 seconds, as if to elicit a normal response. If they were unsuccessful, they withdrew."(Little) There was also accounts of how neglected babies would go into hiding with his or her needs. The disruption might cause the ego to fragment. The key concept is that the vulnerable part of the baby goes into hiding as if to protect itself. The idea of this makes me sad I must admit. If this is what indifferent parents do their children they do not deserve them. Finally, the child develops what the author calls an internal saboteur, which prevents the vulnerable self from coming out of hiding and walls off the rest of the world.
The next important concept is that of a wall that prevents the unconscious and conscious from communicating. A further burrowing into the mind and away from reality where fantasies of reentering the womb occur marks this. This is a process to protect the child from more perceived neglect and danger especially from its primary care taker. This also acts to blunt the rage contained within the child and the transference of the anger from the parent to the child. This is fine but as demands of adulthood emerge, there comes to be a Schizoid dilemma. Urges to seek out mates are fighting with the urge to hide.
The process of undoing all of this neglect is long and fraught with pitfalls. I will summarize to save time. The patient and the therapist need to bond to allow a safe zone for the vulnerable side to come out. This will take the therapist to stand in as a proxy defender protecting the vulnerable mind. There needs to be a careful balance of airing out old feelings of neglect planted way down in the mind and keeping the current safe zone concept in tune. If this can take place over a long period of time the trust developed can transfer to others and a cure will be at hand.
This entire process of looking at the behavior of someone with Schizoid in the order I did made sense to me. I wanted to save redemption for the end. I will be thankful for the opportunity to write this paper forever and will always take more time to thank my mother for her kindness and caring during my infant years. I look forward to learning more about personality disorders as a matter of quality preparation for my upcoming career.
References
Lamberton, L.& Minor, L. (2010). Human Relations Strategies for Success 4th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
Little, R. (Nd). Schizoid Processes: Working With the Defenses of the Withdrawn Child Ego State. Institute for Integrative Psychotherapy. Retrieved from http://www.integrativetherapy.com/en/articles.php?id=44
Looney Tunes Ali Baba Bunny. MCMLVI (1956). [Cartoon depicting Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck finding a large cache of gold and precious stones in a cave.] Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/agLwIxiEk_c.
Olvera, C. (May 24, 2010) Sings of personality Disorder Retrieved from .http://www.helium.com/items/1842010-signs-of-schizoid-personality-disorder.
Sun-Tzu. The Principals of Warfare- The Art of War . Chapter 3 Planning Attacks. Retrieved from http://forum.sonshi.com/showthread.php?s=&threadid=440
Voiskounsky, A. E., & Smyslova, O. V. (2003). Flow-Based Model of Computer Hackers' Motivation.CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 171-180. doi:10.1089/109493103321640365